Method for preparing fertile transgenic corn plants

ABSTRACT

Fertile transgenic Zea mays (corn) plants which stably express heterologous DNA which is heritable are disclosed along with a process for producing said plants. The process comprises the microjectile bombardment of friable embryogenic callus from the plant to be transformed. The process may be applicable to other graminaceous cereal plants which have not proven stably transformable by other techniques.

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/467,983, filed Jan.22, 1990, now abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to fertile transgenic plants of the species Zeamays (oftentimes referred to herein as maize or corn). The inventionfurther relates to producing transgenic plants via particle bombardmentand subsequent selection techniques which have been found to producefertile transgenic plants.

Genetic engineering of plants, which entails the isolation andmanipulation of genetic material (usually in the form of DNA or RNA) andthe subsequent introduction of that genetic material into a plant orplant cells, offers considerable promise to modern agriculture and plantbreeding. Increased crop food values, higher yields, feed value, reducedproduction costs, pest resistance, stress tolerance, drought resistance,the production of pharmaceuticals, chemicals and biological molecules aswell as other beneficial traits are all potentially achievable throughgenetic engineering techniques. Once a gene has been identified, cloned,and engineered, it is still necessary to introduce it into a plant ofinterest in such a manner that the resulting plant is both fertile andcapable of passing the gene on to its progeny.

A variety of methods have been developed and are currently available forthe transformation of various plants and plant cells with DNA. Generallythese plants have been dicotyledonous, and some success has beenreported with certain of the monocotyledonous cereals. However, somespecies have heretofore proven untransformable by any method. Thus,previous to this discovery, no technology had been developed which wouldpermit the production of stably transformed Zea mays plants in which thetransforming DNA is heritable thereof. This failure in the art is welldocumented in the literature and has been discussed in a number ofrecent reviews (Potrykus, 1989; Weising et al., 1988; Cocking et al.,1987).

European Patent Publns. 270,356 (McCabe et al.) and 275,069 (Arntzen etal.) describe the introduction of DNA into maize pollen followed bypollination of maize ears and formation of seeds. The plants germinatedfrom these seeds are alleged to contain the introduced DNA, but there isno suggestion that the introduced DNA was heritable, as has beenaccomplished in the present invention. Only if the DNA introduced intothe corn is heritable can the corn be used in breeding programs asrequired for successful commercialization of transgenic corn.

Graves et al. (1986) claims Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Zeamays seedlings. The alleged evidence was based upon assays known toproduce incorrect results.

Despite extensive efforts to produce fertile transformed corn plantswhich transmit the transforming DNA to progeny, there have been noreported successes. Many previous failures have been based upon genetransfer to maize protoplasts, oftentimes derived from callus, liquidsuspension culture cells, or other maize cells using a variety oftransformation techniques. Although several of the techniques haveresulted in successful transformation of corn cells, the resulting cellseither could not be regenerated into corn plants or the corn plantsproduced were sterile (Rhodes et al. 1988). Thus, while maizeprotoplasts and some other cells have previously been transformed, theresulting transformants could not be regenerated into fertile transgenicplants.

On the other hand, it has been known that at least certain corn calluscan be regenerated to form mature plants in a rather straightforwardfashion and that the resulting plants were often fertile. However, nostable transformation of maize callus was ever achieved, i.e. there wereno techniques developed which would permit a successful stabletransformation of a regenerable callus. An example of a maize callustransformation technique which has been tried is the use ofAgrobacterium mediated transfer.

The art was thus faced with a dilemma. While it was known that cornprotoplast and suspension culture cells could be transformed, notechniques were available which would regenerate the transformedprotoplast into a fertile plant. While it was known that corn calluscould be regenerated into a fertile plant, there were no techniquesknown which could transform the callus, particularly while notdestroying the ability of the callus both to regenerate and to formfertile plants.

Recently, a new transformation technique has been created based upon thebombardment of intact cells and tissues with DNA-coatedmicroprojectiles. The technique, disclosed in Sanford et al. (1987) aswell as in EPO Patent Publication 331,855 of J. C. Sanford et al. basedupon U.S. Ser. No. 161,807, filed Feb. 29, 1988, has been showneffective at producing transient gene expression in some plant cells andtissues including those from onion, maize (Klein et al. 1988a), tobacco,rice, wheat, and soybean, and stable expression has been obtained intobacco and soybeans. In fact, stable expression has been obtained bybombardment of suspension cultures of Zea mays Black Mexican Sweet(Klein et al. 1989) which cultures are, however, non-regenerablesuspension culture cells, not the callus culture cells used in theprocess of the present invention.

No protocols have been published describing the introduction of DNA by abombardment technique into cultures of regenerable maize cells of anytype. No stable expression of a gene has been reported by means ofbombardment of corn callus followed by regeneration of fertile plantsand no regenerable fertile corn has resulted from DNA-coatedmicroprojectile bombardment of the suspension cultures. Thus, the arthas failed to produce fertile transformed corn plants heretofore.

A further stumbling block to the successful production of fertiletransgenic maize plants has been in selecting those few transformants insuch a manner that neither the regeneration capacity nor the fertilityof the regenerated transformant are destroyed. Due to the generally lowlevel of transformants produced by a transformation technique, the needfor selection of the transformants is self-evident. However, selectiongenerally entails the use of some toxic agent, e.g. herbicide orantibiotic, which can effect either the regenerability or the resultantplant fertility.

It is thus an object of the present invention to produce fertile, stablytransgenic, Zea mays plants and seeds which transmit the introduced geneto progeny. It is a further object to produce such stably transgenicplants and seeds by a particle bombardment and selection process whichresults in a high level of viability for a few transformed cells. It isa further object to produce fertile stably transgenic plants of othergraminaceous cereals besides maize.

REFERENCES CITED

Armstrong, C. L., et al. (1985) J Planta 164:207-214

Callis, J., et al. (1987) Genes & Develop 1:1183-1200

M. Bevan et al., Nuc. Acids Res., 11, 369 (1983)

Chu, C. C., et al. (1975) Sci Sin (Peking) 18:659-668

Cocking, F., et al. (1987) Science 236:1259-1262

DeWet et al. (1985) Proc Natl Sci U.S.A. 82:7870-7873

Freeling, J. C., et al. (1976) Maydica XXI:97-112

Graves, A., et al. (1986) Plant Mol Biol 7:43-50

Green, C., et al. (1975) Crop Sci 15:417-421

Green, C. E., (1982) Plant Tissue Culture, A Fujiwara ed. Maruzen,Tokyo, Japan pp 107-8

Green, C., et al. (1982) Maize for Biological Research, Plant Mol BiolAssoc, pp 367-372

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Kamo, K., et al. (1985) Bot Gaz 146:327-334

Klein, T., et al. (1989) Plant Physiol 91:440-444

Klein, T., et al. (1988a) Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 85:4305-9

Klein, T., et al. (1988b) Bio/Technology 6:559-563

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Sambrook, J., et al (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nded., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press

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SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to fertile transgenic Zea mays plantscontaining heterologous DNA, preferably chromosomally integratedheterologous DNA, which is heritable by progeny thereof.

The invention further relates to all products derived from transgenicZea mays plants, plant cells, plant parts, and seeds.

The invention further relates to transgenic Zea mays seeds stablycontaining heterologous DNA and progeny which inherit the heterologousDNA.

The invention further relates to a process for producing fertiletransgenic Zea mays plants containing heterologous DNA. The process isbased upon microprojectile bombardment, selection, and plantregeneration techniques.

The invention further relates to a process for producing fertiletransformed plants of graminaceous plants other than Zea mays which havenot been reliably transformed by traditional methods such aselectroporation, Agrobacterium, injection, and previous ballistictechniques.

The invention further relates to regenerated fertile mature maize plantsfrom transformed embryogenic tissue, transgenic seeds producedtherefrom, and R1 and subsequent generations.

In preferred embodiments, this invention produces the fertile transgenicplants by means of a DNA-coated microprojectile bombardment of clumps offriable embryogenic callus, followed by a controlled regimen forselection of the transformed callus lines.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A shows a map of plasmid vector pHYGI1 utilized in Example I. FIG.1B shows the relevant part of pHYGI1 encompassing the HPT codingsequence and associated regulatory elements. The base pair numbers startfrom the 5' nucleotide in the recognition sequence for the indicatedrestriction enzymes, beginning with the EcoRI site at the 5' end of theCaMV 35S promoter.

FIG. 2 shows a map of plasmid vector pBII221 utilized in Example I.

FIG. 3 is a Southern blot of DNA isolated from the PH1 callus line andan untransformed control callus line.

FIG. 4 is a Southern blot of leaf DNA isolated from Ro plantsregenerated from PH1 and untransformed callus.

FIG. 5 is a Southern blot of leaf DNA isolated from R1 progeny of PH1 Roplants and untransformed Ro plants.

FIG. 6 is a Southern blot of DNA isolated from the PH2 callus line andan untransformed control callus line.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention is directed to the production of fertiletransgenic plants and seeds of the species Zea mays and to the plants,plant tissues, and seeds derived from such transgenic plants, as well asthe subsequent progeny and products derived therefrom. The transgenicplants produced herein include all plants of this species, includingfield corn, popcorn, sweet corn, flint corn and dent corn.

"Transgenic" is used herein to include any cell, cell line, callus,tissue, plant part or plant which contains heterologous DNA that wasintroduced into plant material by a process of genetic engineering, orwhich was initially introduced into a plant species by such a processand was subsequently transferred to later generations by sexual orasexual cell crosses or cell divisions.

By "heritable" is meant that the DNA is capable of transmission througha complete sexual cycle of a plant, i.e. passed from one plant throughits gametes to its progeny plants in the same manner as occurs in normalcorn.

The transgenic plants of this invention may be produced by (i)establishing friable embryogenic callus from the plant to betransformed, (ii) transforming said cell line by a microprojectilebombardment technique, (iii) controllably identifying or selectingtransformed cells, and (iv) regenerating fertile transgenic plants fromthe transformed cells. Some of the plants of this invention may beproduced from the transgenic seed produced from the fertile transgenicplants using conventional crossbreeding techniques to develop commercialhybrid seed containing heterologous DNA.

I. Plant Lines and Tissue Cultures

The cells which have been found useful to produce the fertile transgenicmaize plants herein are those callus cells which are regenerable, bothbefore and after undergoing a selection regimen as detailed furtherbelow. Generally, these cells will be derived from meristematic tissuewhich contain cells which have not yet terminally differentiated. Suchtissue in graminaceous cereals in general and in maize, in particular,comprise tissues found in juvenile leaf basal regions, immature tassels,immature embryos, and coleoptilar nodes. Preferably, immature embryosare used. Methods of preparing and maintaining callus from such tissueand plant types are well known in the art and details on so doing areavailable in the literature, c.f. Phillips et al. (1988), the disclosureof which is hereby incorporated by reference.

The specific callus used must be able to regenerate into a fertileplant. The specific regeneration capacity of particular callus isimportant to the success of the bombardment/selection process usedherein because during and following selection, regeneration capacity maydecrease significantly. It is therefore important to start with culturesthat have as high a degree of regeneration capacity as possible. Calluswhich is more than about 3 months and up to about 36 months of age hasbeen found to have a sufficiently high level of regenerability and thusis currently preferred. The regenerative capacity of a particularculture may be readily determined by transferring samples thereof toregeneration medium and monitoring the formation of shoots, roots, andplantlets. The relative number of plantlets arising per Petri dish orper gram fresh weight of tissue may be used as a rough quantitativeestimate of regeneration capacity. Generally, a culture which willproduce at least one plant per gram of callus tissue will be preferred.

While maize callus cultures can be initiated from a number of differentplant tissues, the cultures useful herein are preferably derived fromimmature maize embryos which are removed from the kernels of an ear whenthe embryos are about 1-3 mm in length. This length generally occursabout 9-14 days after pollination. Under aseptic conditions, the embryosare placed on conventional solid media with the embryo axis down(scutellum up). Callus tissue appears from the scutellum after severaldays to a few weeks. After the callus has grown sufficiently, the cellproliferations from the scutellum may be evaluated for friableconsistency and the presence of well-defined embryos. By "friableconsistency" is meant that the tissue is easily dispersed withoutcausing injury to the cells. Tissue with this morphology is thentransferred to fresh media and subcultured on a routine basis aboutevery two weeks.

The callus initiation media is solid because callus cannot be readilyinitiated in liquid medium. The initiation/maintainence media istypically based on the N6 salts of Chu et al. (1975) as described inArmstrong et al. (1985) or the MS salts of Murashige et al. (1962). Thebasal medium is supplemented with sucrose and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyaceticacid (2,4-D). Supplements such as L-proline and casein hydrolysate havebeen found to improve the frequency of initiation of callus cultures,morphology, and growth. The cultures are generally maintained in thedark, though low light levels may also be used. The level of synthetichormone 2,4-D, necessary for maintainence and propagation, should begenerally about 0.3 to 3.0 mg/l.

Although successful transformation and regeneration has beenaccomplished herein with friable embryogenic callus, this is not meantto imply that other transformable regenerable cells, tissue, or organscannot be employed to produce the fertile transgenic plants of thisinvention. The only actual requirement for the cells which aretransformed is that after transformation they must be capable ofregeneration of a plant containing the heterologous DNA following theparticular selection or screening procedure actually used.

II. DNA Used for Transformation

The heterologous DNA used for transformation herein may be circular orlinear, double-stranded or single-stranded. Generally, the DNA is in theform of a plasmid and contains coding regions of beneficial heterologousDNA with flanking regulatory sequences which serve to promote theexpression of the heterologous DNA present in the resultant corn plant."Heterologous DNA" is used herein to include all syntheticallyengineered or biologically derived DNA which is introduced into a plantby man by genetic engineering, including but not limited to, non-plantgenes, modified genes, synthetic genes, portions of genes, as well asDNA and genes from maize and other plant species.

The compositions of and methods for constructing heterologous DNA forsuccessful transformations of plants is well known to those skilled inthe art, and the same compositions and methods of construction may beutilized to produce the heterologous DNA useful herein. The specificcomposition of the DNA is not central to the present invention and theinvention is not dependent upon the composition of the specifictransforming DNA used. Weising et al. (1988), the subject matter ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference, describes suitable DNAcomponents thereof which include promoters, polyadenylation sequences,selectable marker genes, reporter genes, enhancers, introns, and thelike, as well as provides suitable references for compositions thereof.Sambrook et al. (1989) provides suitable methods of construction.

Generally the heterologous DNA will be relatively small, i.e. less thanabout 30 kb to minimize any susceptibility to physical, chemical, orenzymatic degradation which is known to increase as the size of the DNAincreases.

Suitable heterologous DNA for use herein includes all DNA which willprovide for, or enhance, a beneficial feature of the resultanttransgenic corn plant. For example, the DNA may encode proteins orantisense RNA transcripts in order to promote increased food values,higher yields, pest resistance, disease resistance, and the like. Forexample, a bacterial dap A gene for increased lysine; Bt-endotoxin geneor protease inhibitor for insect resistance; bacterial ESPS synthase forresistance to glyphosate herbicide; chitinase or glucanendo-1,3-B-glucosidase for fungicidal properties. Also, the DNA may beintroduced to act as a genetic tool to generate mutants and/or assist inthe identification, genetic tagging, or isolation of segments of cornDNA. Additional examples may be found in Weising, supra.

The heterologous DNA to be introduced into the plant further willgenerally contain either a selectable marker or a reporter gene or bothto facilitate identification and selection of transformed cells.Alternatively, the selectable marker may be carried on a separate pieceof DNA and used in a cotransformation procedure. Both selectable markersand reporter genes may be flanked with appropriate regulatory sequencesto enable expression in plants. Useful selectable markers are well knownin the art and include, for example, antibiotic and herbicide resistancegenes. Specific examples of such genes are disclosed in Weising et al,supra. A preferred selectable marker gene is the hygromycin Bphosphotransferase (HPT) coding sequence, which may be derived from E.coli. Other selectable markers known in the art include aminoglycosidephosphotransferase gene of transposon Tn5 (AphII) which encodesresistance to the antibiotics kanamycin, neomycin, and G418, as well asthose genes which code for resistance or tolerance to glyphosate,methotrexate, imidazolinones, sulfonylureas, bromoxynil, dalapon, andthe like. Those selectable marker genes which confer herbicideresistance or tolerance are also of commercial utility in the resultingtransformed plants.

Reporter genes which encode for easily assayable marker proteins arewell known in the art. In general, a reporter gene is a gene which isnot present or expressed by the recipient organism or tissue and whichencodes a protein whose expression is manifested by some easilydetectable property, e.g. phenotypic change or enzymatic activity.Examples of such genes are provided in Weising et al, Supra. Preferredgenes include the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene from Tn9 of E.coli, the beta-glucuronidase gene of the uidA locus of E. coli, and theluciferase genes from firefly Photinus pyralis.

The regulatory sequences useful herein include any constitutive,inducible, tissue or organ specific, or developmental stage specificpromoter which can be expressed in the particular plant cell. Suitablesuch promoters are disclosed in Weising et al, supra. The following is apartial representative list of promoters suitable for use herein:regulatory sequences from the T-DNA of Agrobacterium tumefaciens,including mannopine synthase, nopaline synthase, and octopine synthase;alcohol dehydrogenase promoter from corn; light inducible promoters suchas, ribulose-biphosphate-carboxylase small subunit gene from a varietyof species; and the major chlorophyll a/b binding protein gene promoter;35S and 19S promoters of cauliflower mosaic virus; developmentallyregulated promoters such as the waxy, zein, or bronze promoters frommaize; as well as synthetic or other natural promoters which are eitherinducible or constitutive, including those promoters exhibiting organspecific expression or expression at specific development stage(s) ofthe plant.

Other elements such as introns, enhancers, polyadenylation sequences andthe like, may also be present on the DNA. Such elements may or may notbe necessary for the function of the DNA, although they can provide abetter expression or functioning of the DNA by affecting transcription,stability of the mRNA, or the like. Such elements may be included in theDNA as desired to obtain the optimal performance of the transforming DNAin the plant. For example, the maize Adh1S first intron may be placedbetween the promoter and the coding sequence of a particularheterologous DNA. This intron, when included in a DNA construction, isknown to generally increase expression in maize cells of a protein.(Callis et al. 1987) However, sufficient expression for a selectablemarker to perform satisfactorily can often be obtained without anintron. (Klein et al. 1989) An example of an alternative suitable intronis the shrunken-1 first intron of Zea mays. These other elements must becompatible with the remainder of the DNA constructions.

To determine whether a particular combination of DNA and recipient plantcells are suitable for use herein, the DNA may include a reporter gene.An assay for expression of the reporter gene may then be performed at asuitable time after the DNA has been introduced into the recipientcells. A preferred such assay entails the use of the E. colibeta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene (Jefferson et al. 1987). In the case ofthe microprojectile bombardment transformation process of the presentinvention, a suitable time for conducting the assay is about 2-3 daysafter bombardment. The use of transient assays is particularly importantwhen using DNA components which have not previously been demonstrated orconfirmed as compatible with the desired recipient cells.

III. DNA Delivery Process

The DNA can be introduced into the regenerable maize callus cultures viaa particle bombardment process. A general description of a suitableparticle bombardment instrument is provided in Sanford et al. (1987),the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Whileprotocols for the use of the instrument in the bombardment of maizenon-regenerable suspension culture cells are described in Klein et al.(1988a, 1988b, and 1989), no protocols have been published for thebombardment of callus cultures or regenerable maize cells.

In a microprojectile bombardment process, also referred to as abiolistic process, the transport of the DNA into the callus is mediatedby very small particles of a biologically inert material. When the inertparticles are coated with DNA and accelerated to a suitable velocity,one or more of the particles is able to enter into one or more of thecells where the DNA is released from the particle and expressed withinthe cell. While some of the cells are fatally damaged by the bombardmentprocess, some of the recipient cells do survive, stably retain theintroduced DNA, and express it.

The particles, called microprojectiles, are generally of a high densitymaterial such as tungsten or gold. They are coated with the DNA ofinterest. The microprojectiles are then placed onto the surface of amacroprojectile which serves to transfer the motive force from asuitable energy source to the microprojectiles. After themacroprojectile and the microprojectiles are accelerated to the propervelocity, they contact a blocking device which prevents themacroprojectile from continuing its forward path but allows theDNA-coated microprojectiles to continue on and impact the recipientcallus cells. Suitable such instruments may use a variety of motiveforces such as gunpowder or shock waves from an electric arc discharge(J. C. Sanford et al., J. Particle Science and Technology, 5, 27 (1987)et al. 1988). An instrument in which gunpowder is the motive force iscurrently preferred and such is described and further explained inSanford et al. (1987), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein byreference.

A protocol for the use of the gunpowder instrument is provided in Kleinet al. (1988a, b) and involves two major steps. First, tungstenmicroprojectiles are mixed with the DNA, calcium chloride, andspermidine free base in a specified order in an aqueous solution. Theconcentrations of the various components may be varied as taught. Thecurrently preferred procedure entails exactly the procedure of Klein etal. (1988b) except for doubling the stated optimum DNA concentration.Secondly, in the actual bombardment, the distance of the recipient cellsfrom the end of the barrel as well as the vacuum in the sample chamber.The currently preferred procedure for bombarding the callus entailsexactly the procedure of Klein et al. (1988b) with the recipient tissuepositioned 5 cm below the stopping plate tray.

The callus cultures useful herein for generation of transgenic plantsshould generally be about 3 months to 3 years old, preferably about 3 to18 months old. Callus used for bombardment should generally be aboutmidway between transfer periods and thus past any "lag" phase that mightbe associated with a transfer to a new media, but also before reachingany "stationary" phase associated with a long time on the same plate.

The specific tissue subjected to the bombardment process is preferablytaken about 7-10 days after subculture, though this is not believedcritical. The tissue should generally be used in the form of pieces ofabout 30 to 80, preferably about 40 to 60, mg. The clumps are placed ona petri dish or other surface and arranged in essentially any manner,recognizing that (i) the space in the center of the dish will receivethe heaviest concentration of metal-DNA particles and the tissue locatedthere is likely to suffer damage during bombardment and (ii) the numberof particles reaching a cell will decrease (probably exponentially) withincreasing distance of the cell from the center of the blast so thatcells far from the center of the dish are not likely to be bombarded andtransformed. A mesh screen, preferably of metal, may be laid on the dishto prevent splashing or ejection of the tissue. The tissue may bebombarded one or more times with the DNA-coated metal particles.

IV. Selection Process

Once the calli have been bombarded with the DNA and the DNA haspenetrated some of the cells, it is necessary to identify and selectthose cells which both contain the heterologous DNA and still retainsufficient regenerative capacity. There are two general approaches whichhave been found useful for accomplishing this. First, the transformedcalli or plants regenerated therefrom can be screened for the presenceof the heterologous DNA by various standard methods which could includeassays for the expression of reporter genes or assessment of phenotypiceffects of the heterologous DNA, if any. Alternatively and preferably,when a selectable marker gene has been transmitted along with or as partof the heterologous DNA, those cells of the callus which have beentransformed can be identified by the use of a selective agent to detectexpression of the selectable marker gene.

Selection of the putative transformants is a critical part of thesuccessful transformation process since selection conditions must bechosen so as to allow growth and accumulation of the transformed cellswhile simultaneously inhibiting the growth of the non-transformed cells.The situation is complicated by the fact that the vitality of individualcells in a population is often highly dependent on the vitality ofneighboring cells. Also, the selection conditions must not be so severethat the plant regeneration capacity of the callus cells and thefertility of the resulting plant are precluded. Thus the effects of theselection agent on cell viability and morphology should be evaluated.This may be accomplished by experimentally producing a growth inhibitioncurve for the given selective agent and tissue being transformedbeforehand. This will establish the concentration range which willinhibit growth.

When a selectable marker gene has been used, the callus clumps may beeither allowed to recover from the bombardment on non-selective mediaor, preferably, directly transferred to media containing that agent.

Selection procedures involve exposure to a toxic agent and may employsequential changes in the concentration of the agent and multiple roundsof selection. The particular concentrations and cycle lengths are likelyto need to be varied for each particular agent. A currently preferredselection procedure entails using an initial selection round at arelatively low toxic agent concentration and then later round(s) athigher concentration(s). This allows the selective agent to exert itstoxic effect slowly over a longer period of time. Preferably theconcentration of the agent is initially such that about a 5-40% level ofgrowth inhibition will occur, as determined from a growth inhibitioncurve. The effect may be to allow the transformed cells topreferentially grow and divide while inhibiting untransformed cells, butnot to the extent that growth of the transformed cells is prevented.Once the few individual transformed cells have grown sufficiently thetissue may be shifted to media containing a higher concentration of thetoxic agent to kill essentially all untransformed cells. The shift tothe higher concentration also reduces the possibility of non-transformedcells habituating to the agent. The higher level is preferably in therange of about 30 to 100% growth inhibition. The length of the firstselection cycle may be from about 1 to 4 weeks, preferably about 2weeks. Later selection cycles may be from about 1 to about 12 weeks,preferably about 2 to about 10 weeks. Putative maize transformants cangenerally be identified as proliferating sectors of tissue among abackground of non-proliferating cells. The callus may also be culturedon non-selective media at various times during the overall selectionprocedure.

Once a callus sector is identified as a putative transformant,transformation can be confirmed by phenotypic and/or genotypic analysis.If a selection agent is used, an example of phenotypic analysis is tomeasure the increase in fresh weight of the putative transformant ascompared to a control on various levels of the selective agent. Otheranalyses that may be employed will depend on the function of theheterologous DNA. For example, if an enzyme or protein is encoded by theDNA, enzymatic or immunological assays specific for the particularenzyme or protein may be used. Other gene products may be assayed byusing a suitable bioassay or chemical assay. Other such techniques arewell known in the art and are not repeated here. The presence of thegene can also be confirmed by conventional procedures, i.e. Southernblot or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or the like.

V. Regeneration of Plants and Production of Seed

Cell lines which have been shown to be transformed must then beregenerated into plants and the fertility of the resultant plantsdetermined. Transformed lines which test positive by genotypic and/orphenotypic analysis are then placed on a media which promotes tissuedifferentiation and plant regeneration. Regeneration may be carried outin accordance with standard procedures well known in the art. Theprocedures commonly entail reducing the level of auxin whichdiscontinues proliferation of a callus and promotes somatic embryodevelopment or other tissue differentiation. One example of such aregeneration procedure is described in Green et al. (1981). The plantsare grown to maturity in a growth room or greenhouse and appropriatesexual crosses and selfs are made as described by Neuffer (1981).

Regeneration, while important to the present invention, may be performedin any conventional manner. If a selectable marker has been transformedinto the cells, the selection agent may be incorporated into theregeneration media to further confirm that the regenerated plantlets aretransformed. Since regeneration techniques are well known and notcritical to the present invention, any technique which accomplishes theregeneration and produces fertile plants may be used.

VI. Analysis of R1 Progeny

The plants regenerated from the transformed callus are referred to asthe R0 generation or R0 plants. The seeds produced by various sexualcrosses of the R0 generation plants are referred to as R1 progeny or theR1 generation. When R1 seeds are germinated, the resulting plants arealso referred to as the R1 generation.

To confirm the successful transmission and inheritance of theheterologous DNA in the sexual crosses described above, the R1generation should be analyzed to confirm the presence of thetransforming DNA. The analysis may be performed in any of the mannerssuch as were disclosed above for analyzing the bombarded callus forevidence of transformation, taking into account the fact that plants andplant parts are being used in place of the callus.

VII. Breeding of Genetically Engineered Commercial Hybrid Seed

Generally, the commercial value of the transformed corn produced hereinwill be greatest if the heterologous DNA can be incorporated into manydifferent hybrid combinations. A farmer typically grows severalvarieties of hybrids based on differences in maturity, standability, andother agronomic traits. Also, the farmer must select a hybrid based uponhis physical location since hybrids adapted to one part of the corn beltare generally not adapted to another part because of differences in suchtraits as maturity, disease, and insect resistance. As such, it isnecessary to incorporate the heterologous DNA into a large number ofparental lines so that many hybrid combinations can be producedcontaining the desirable heterologous DNA. This may conveniently be doneby breeding programs in which a conversion process (backcrossing) isperformed by crossing the initial transgenic fertile plant to normalelite inbred lines and then crossing the progeny back to the normalparent. The progeny from this cross will segregate such that some of theplants will carry the heterologous DNA whereas some will not. The plantsthat do carry the DNA are then crossed again to the normal plantresulting in progeny which segregate once more. This crossing isrepeated until the original normal parent has been converted to agenetically engineered line containing the heterologous DNA and alsopossessing all other important attributes originally found in theparent. A separate backcrossing program will be used for every eliteline that is to be converted to a genetically engineered elite line. Itmay be necessary for both parents of a hybrid seed corn to be homozygousfor the heterologous DNA. Corn breeding and the techniques and skillsrequired to transfer genes from one line or variety to another arewell-known to those skilled in the art. Thus introducing heterologousDNA into lines or varieties which do not generate the appropriate callican be readily accomplished by these breeding procedures.

VIII. Uses of Transgenic Plants

The transgenic plants produced herein are expected to be useful for avariety of commercial and research purposes. Transgenic plants can becreated for use in traditional agriculture to possess traits beneficialto the grower (e.g. agronomic traits such as pest resistance orincreased yield), beneficial to the consumer of the grain harvested fromthe plant (e.g. improved nutritive content in human food or animalfeed), or beneficial to the food processor (e.g. improved processingtraits). In such uses, the plants are generally grown for the use oftheir grain in human or animal foods. However, other parts of theplants, including stalks, husks, vegetative parts, and the like, mayalso have utility, including use as part of animal silage or forornamental purposes (e.g. Indian corn). Often chemical constituents(e.g. oils or starches) of corn and other crops are extracted for foodor industrial use and transgenic plants may be created which haveenhanced or modified levels of such components. The plants may also beused for seed production for a variety of purposes.

Transgenic plants may also find use in the commercial manufacture ofproteins or other molecules encoded by the heterologous DNA containedtherein, where the molecule of interest is extracted or purified fromplant parts, seeds, and the like. Cells or tissue from the plants mayalso be cultured, grown in vitro, or fermented to manufacture suchmolecules, or for other purposes (e.g. for research).

The transgenic plants may also be used in commercial breeding programs,or may be crossed or bred to plants of related crop species.Improvements encoded by the heterologous DNA may be transferred, e.g.from corn cells to cells of other species e.g. by protoplast fusion.

The transgenic plants may have many uses in research or breeding,including creation of new mutant plants through insertional mutagenesis,in order to identify beneficial mutants that might later be created bytraditional mutation and selection. The methods of the invention mayalso be used to create plants having unique "signature sequences" orother marker sequences which can be used to identify proprietary linesor varieties.

The following non-limiting examples are illustrative of the presentinvention. They are presented to better explain the general procedureswhich were used to prepare the fertile Zea mays plants of this inventionwhich stably express the heterologous DNA and which transmit that DNA toprogeny. All parts and percents are by weight unless otherwisespecified. It must be recognized that a specific transformation event isa function of the amount of material subjected to the transformationprocedure. Thus when individual situations arise in which the proceduresdescribed herein do not produce a transformed product, repetition of theprocedures will be required.

EXAMPLE I

Fertile transgenic Zea mays plants which contain heterologous DNA whichis heritable were prepared as follows:

I. Initiation and Maintenance of Maize Cell Cultures which Retain PlantRegeneration Capacity

Friable, embryogenic maize callus cultures were initiated from hybridimmature embryos produced by pollination of inbred line A188 plants(University of Minnesota, Crop Improvement Association) with pollen ofinbred line B73 plants (Iowa State University). Ears were harvested whenthe embryos had reached a length of 1.5 to 2.0 mm. The whole ear wassurface sterilized in 50% v/v commercial bleach (2.63% w/v sodiumhypochlorite) for 20 min. at room temperature. The ears were then washedwith sterile distilled, deionized water. Immature embryos wereaseptically isolated and placed on nutrient agar initiation/maintenancemedia with the root/shoot axis exposed to the medium.Initiation/maintenance media (hereinafter referred to as F medium)consisted of N6 basal media (Chu 1975) with 2% (w/v) sucrose, 1.5 mg perliter 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 6 mM proline, and 0.25%Gelrite (Kelco, Inc. San Diego). The pH was adjusted to 5.8 prior toautoclaving. Unless otherwise stated, all tissue culture manipulationswere carried out under sterile conditions.

The immature embryos were incubated at 26° C. in the dark. Cellproliferations from the scutellum of the immature embryos were evaluatedfor friable consistency and the presence of well defined somaticembryos. Tissue with this morphology was transferred to fresh media 10to 14 days after the initial plating of the immature embryos. The tissuewas then subcultured on a routine basis every 14 to 21 days. Sixty toeighty milligram quantities of tissue were removed from pieces of tissuethat had reached a size of approximately one gram and transferred tofresh media. Subculturing always involved careful visual monitoring tobe sure that only tissue of the correct morphology was maintained. Thepresence of somatic embryos ensured that the cultures would give rise toplants under the proper conditions. The cell culture named AB12 used inthis example was such a culture and had been initiated about 1 yearbefore bombardment.

II. Plasmids--pCHN1-1, pHYGI1, pBII221, and pLUC-1

The plasmids pCHN1-1, pHYGI1, and pLUC-1 were constructed in the vectorpBS+ (Stratagene, Inc., San Diego, Calif.), a 3.2 Kb circular plasmid,using standard recombinant DNA techniques. pCHN1-1 contains thehygromycin B phosphotransferase (HPT) coding sequence from E. coli(Gritz et al. 1983) flanked at the 3' end by the nopaline synthase (nos)polyadenylation sequence of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (M. Bevan et al.,Nuc. Acids Res., 11, 369, 1983). Expression is driven by the cauliflowermosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter (Guilley et al. 1982), located upstreamfrom the hygromycin coding sequence. The plasmid pHYGI1 was constructedby inserting the 553 bp Bcl-BamHI fragment containing the maize Adh1Sfirst intron (Callis et al. 1987) between the CaMV 35S promoter and thehygromycin coding sequence of pCHN1-1. A map of pHYGI1 is provided asFIG. 1.

pBII221 contains the E. coli B-glucuronidase coding sequence flanked atthe 5' end by the CaMV 35S promoter and at the 3' end by the nospolyadenylation sequence. The plasmid was constructed by inserting themaize AdhIS first intron between the 35S promoter and the codingsequence of pBI221 (Jefferson et al. 1987). A map of pBII221 is providedas FIG. 2.

pLUC-1 contains the firefly luciferase coding sequence (DeWet et al.1987) flanked at the 5' end by the CaMV 35S promoter and at the 3' endby the nos polyadenylation sequence. This plasmid was used solely as anegative control.

Plasmids were introduced into the embryogenic callus culture AB12 bymicroprojectile bombardment.

III. DNA Delivery Process

The embryogenic maize callus line AB12 was subcultured 7 to 12 d priorto microprojectile bombardment. AB12 was prepared for bombardment asfollows. Five clumps of callus, each approximately 50 mg in wet weightwere arranged in a cross pattern in the center of a sterile 60×15 mmpetri plate (Falcon 1007). Plates were stored in a closed container withmoist paper towels throughout the bombardment process. Twenty six plateswere prepared.

Plasmids were coated onto M-10 tungsten particles (Biolistics) exactlyas described by Klein, et al (1988b) except that, (i) twice therecommended quantity of DNA was used, (ii) the DNA precipitation ontothe particles was performed at 0° C., and (iii) the tubes containing theDNA-coated tungsten particles were stored on ice throughout thebombardment process.

All of the tubes contained 25 ul 50 mg/ml M-10 tungsten in water, 25 ul2.5M CaCl₂, and 10 ul 100 mM spermidine free base along with a total of5 ul 1 mg/ml total plasmid content. When two plasmids were usedsimultaneously, each was present in an amount of 2.5 ul. One tubecontained only plasmid pBII221; two tubes contained both plasmids pHYGI1and pBII221; two tubes contained both plasmids pCHN1-1 and pBII221; andone tube contained only plasmid pLUC-1.

All tubes were incubated on ice for 10 min., pelletized bycentrifugation in an Eppendorf centrifuge at room temperature for 5seconds, and 25 ul of the supernatant was discarded. The tubes werestored on ice throughout the bombardment process. Each preparation wasused for no more than 5 bombardments.

Macroprojectiles and stopping plates were obtained from Biolistics, Inc.(Ithaca, N.Y.). They were sterilized as described by the supplier. Themicroprojectile bombardment instrument was obtained from Biolistics,Inc.

The sample plate tray was positioned at the position 5 cm below thebottom of the stopping plate tray of the microprojectile instrument,with the stopping plate in the slot below the barrel. Plates of callustissue prepared as described above were centered on the sample platetray and the petri dish lid removed. A 7×7 cm square rigid wire meshwith 3×3 mm mesh and made of galvanized steel was placed over the opendish in order to retain the tissue during the bombardment. Tungsten/DNApreparations were sonicated as described by Biolistics, Inc. and 2.5 ulwas pipetted onto the top of the macroprojectiles. The instrument wasoperated as described by the manufacturer. The following bombardmentswere performed:

    ______________________________________                                         2 × pBII221 prep                                                                        To determine transient expres-                                                sion frequency                                               10 × pHYGI1/pBII221                                                                      As a potential positive treat-                                                ment for transformation                                      10 × pCHN1-1/pBII221                                                                     As a potential positive treat-                                                ment for transformation                                       4 × pLUC-1                                                                              Negative control treatment                                   ______________________________________                                    

The two plates of callus bombarded with pBII221 were transferred platefor plate to F medium (with no hygromycin) and the callus cultured at26° C. in the dark. After 2 d this callus was then transferred plate forplate into 35×10 mm petri plates (Falcon 1008) containing 2 ml of GUSassay buffer which consists of 1 mg/ml5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-glucuronide (Research Organics), 100mM sodium phosphate pH 7.0, 5 mM each of potassium ferricyanide andpotassium ferrocyanide, 10 mM EDTA, and 0.06% Triton X-100. These wereincubated at 37° C. for 3 d after which the number of blue cells wascounted giving 291 and 477 transient GUS expressing cells in the twoplates, suggesting that the DNA delivery process had also occurred withthe other bombarded plates. These plates were discarded after countingsince the GUS assay is destructive.

IV. Selection Process

Hygromycin B (Calbiochem) was incorporated into the medium by additionof the appropriate volume of filter sterilized 100 mg/ml Hygromycin B inwater when the media had cooled to 45° C. prior to pouring plates.

Immediately after all samples had been bombarded, callus from all of theplates treated with pHYGI1/pBII221, pCHN1-1/pBII-221 and three of theplates treated with pLUC-1 were transferred plate for plate onto Fmedium containing 15 mg/l hygromycin B, (five pieces of callus perplate). These are referred to as round 1 selection plates. Callus fromthe fourth plate treated with pLUC-1 was transferred to F medium withouthygromycin. This tissue was subcultured every 2-3 weeks ontononselective medium and is referred to as unselected control callus.

After two weeks of selection, tissue appeared essentially identical onboth selective and nonselective media. All callus from eight plates fromeach of the pHYGI1/pBII221 and pCHN1-1/pBII-221 treatments and twoplates of the control callus on selective media were transferred fromround 1 selection plates to round 2 selection plates that contained 60mg/l hygromycin. The round 2 selection plates each contained ten 30 mgpieces of callus per plate, resulting in an expansion of the totalnumber of plates.

The remaining tissue on selective media, two plates each ofpHYGI1/pBII221 and pCHN1-1/pBII221 treated tissue and one of controlcallus, were placed in GUS assay buffer at 37° C. to determine whetherblue clusters of cells were observable at two weeks post-bombardment.After 6 days in assay buffer this tissue was scored for GUS expression.

    ______________________________________                                        TREATMENT     REPLICATE   OBSERVATIONS                                        ______________________________________                                        pLUC-1                    no blue cells                                       PHYGI1/PBII221                                                                              plate 1     11 single cells                                                               1 four cell cluster                                               plate 2     5 single cells                                      pCHN1-1/pBII221                                                                             plate 1     1 single cell                                                                 2 two cell clusters                                               plate 2     5 single cells                                                                1 two cell cluster                                                            2 clusters of 8-10 cells                            ______________________________________                                    

After 21 days on the round 2 selection plates, all viable portions ofthe material were transferred to round 3 selection plates containing 60mg/l hygromycin. The round 2 selection plates, containing only tissuethat was apparently dead, were reserved. Both round 2 and 3 selectionplates were observed periodically for viable proliferating sectors.

After 35 d on round 3 selection plates both the round 2 and round 3 setsof selection plates were checked for viable sectors of callus. Two suchsectors were observed proliferating from a background of dead tissue onplates treated with pHYGI1/pBII221. The first sector named 3AA was fromthe round 3 group of plates and the second sector named 6L was from theround 2 group of plates. Both lines were then transferred to F mediumwithout hygromycin.

After 19 days on F medium without hygromycin the line 3AA grew verylittle whereas the line 6L grew rapidly. Both were transferred again toF medium for 9 d. The lines 3AA and 6L were then transferred to F mediumcontaining 15 mg/l hygromycin for 14 days. At this point, line 3AA wasobserved to be of very poor quality and slow growing. The line 6Lhowever grew rapidly on F medium with 15 mg.l hygromycin. In preparationfor an inhibition study of the line 6 L on hygromycin, the line was thensubcultured to F medium without hygromycin.

After 10 days on F medium an inhibition study of the line 6L wasinitiated. Callus of 6L was transferred onto F medium containing 0, 10,30, 100, and 250 mg/l hygromycin B. Five plates of callus were preparedfor each concentration and each plate contained ten approximately 50 mgpieces of callus. One plate of unselected control tissue was preparedfor each concentration of hygromycin.

It was found that the line 6L was capable of sustained growth over 9subcultures on 0, 10, 30, 100, and 250 mg/l hygromycin. The name of theline 6L was changed at this time from 6L to PH1 (Positive Hygromycintransformant 1).

Additional sectors were recovered at various time points from the round2 and 3 selection plates. None of these were able to grow in thepresence of hygromycin for multiple rounds, i.e. two or threesubcultures.

V. Confirmation of Transformed Callus

To show that the PH1 callus had acquired the hygromycin resistance gene,a Southern blot of PH1 callus was prepared as follows: DNA was isolatedfrom PH1 and unselected control calli by freezing 2 g of callus inliquid nitrogen and grinding it to a fine powder which was transferredto a 30 ml Oak Ridge tube containing 6 ml extraction buffer (7M urea,250 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 20 mM EDTA pH 8.0, 1% sarcosine). Tothis was added 7 ml of phenol:chloroform 1:1, the tubes shaken andincubated at 37° C. 15 min. Samples were centrifuged at 8K for 10 min.at 4° C. The supernatant was pipetted through miracloth (Calbiochem475855) into a disposable 15 ml tube (American Scientific Products,C3920-15A) containing 1 ml 4.4M ammonium acetate, pH 5.2. Isopropanol, 6ml, was added, the tubes shaken, and the samples incubated at -20° C.for 15 min. The DNA was pelleted in a Beckman TJ-6 centrifuge at themaximum speed for 5 min. at 4° C. The supernatant was discarded and thepellet was dissolved in 500 ul TE-10 (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 10 mM EDTApH 8.0) 15 min. at room temperature. The samples were transferred to a1.5 ml Eppendorf tube and 100 ul 4.4M ammonium acetate, pH 5.2 and 700ul isopropanol were added. This was incubated at -20° C. for 15 min. andthe DNA pelleted 5 min. in an Eppendorf microcentrifuge (12,000 rpm).The pellet was washed with 70% ethanol, dried, and resuspended in TE-1(10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA).

The isolated DNA (10 ug) was digested with BamHI (NEB) andelectrophoresed in a 0.8% w/v agarose gel at 15 V for 16 hrs in TAEbuffer (40 mM Tris-acetate, 1 mM EDTA). The DNA within the gel was thendepurinated by soaking the gel twice in 0.25M HCl for 15 min., denaturedand cleaved by soaking the gel twice in 0.5M NaOH/1.0M NaCl 15 min., andneutralized by soaking the gel twice in 0.5M Tris pH 7.4/3M NaCl 30 min.DNA was then blotted onto a Nytran membrane (Shleicher & Shuell) bycapillary transfer overnight in 6×SSC (20×SSC, 3M NaCl, 0.3M sodiumcitrate pH 7.0). The membrane was baked at 80° C. for 2 hrs undervacuum. Prehybridization treatment of the membrane was done in 6×SSC,10× Denhardt's solution, 1% SDS, 50 ug/ml denatured salmon sperm DNAusing 0.25 ml prehybridization solution per cm² of membrane.Prehybridization was carried out at 42° C. overnight.

A 32P labelled probe was prepared by random primer labelling with anOligo Labelling Kit (Pharmacia) as per the suppliers instructions with32P-dCTP (ICN Radiochemicals). The template DNA used was the 1055 bpBamHI fragment of pHYGI1, which is the HPT coding sequence. The fragmentwas gel purified and cut again with PstI (NEB) before labelling.

The hybridization was performed in 50% formamide, 6×SSC, 1% SDS, 50ug/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA (Sigma), 0.05% sodium pyrophosphate andall of the isopropanol precipitated heat denatured probe (107 CPM/50ugtemplate). The hybridization was carried out at 42° C. overnight.

The membrane was washed twice in 50 ml 6×SSC, 0.1% SDS 5 min. at roomtemperature with shaking, then twice in 500 ml 6×SSC, 0.1% SDS 15 min.at room temperature, then twice in 500 ml 1×SSC, 1% SDS 30 min. at 42°C., and finally in 500 ml 0.1×SSC 1% SDS 60 min. at 65° C. Membraneswere exposed to Kodak X-OMAT AR film in an X-OMATIC cassette withintensifying screens. As shown in FIG. 3, a band was observed for PH1callus at the expected position of 1.05 Kb, indicating that the HPTcoding sequence was present. No band was observed for control callus.

VI. Plant Regeneration and Production of Seed

PH1 callus was transferred directly from all of the concentrations ofhygromycin used in the inhibition study to RM5 medium which consists ofMS basal salts (Murashige et al. 1962) supplemented with thiamine HCl0.5 mg/l, 2,4-D 0.75 mg/l, sucrose 50 g/l, asparagine 150 mg/l, andGelrite 2.5 g/l (Kelco Inc. San Diego).

After 14 days on RM5 medium the majority of PH1 and negative controlcallus was transferred to R5 medium which is the same as RM5 medium,except that 2,4-D is omitted. These were cultured in the dark for 7 d at26° C. and transferred to a light regime of 14 hours light and 10 hoursdark for 14 d at 26° C. At this point, plantlets that had formed weretransferred to one quart canning jars (Ball) containing 100 ml of R5medium. Plants were transferred from jars to vermiculite after 14 and 21d. Plants were grown in vermiculite for 7 or 8 days before transplantinginto soil and grown to maturity. A total of 65 plants were produced fromPH1 and a total of 30 plants were produced from control callus.

To demonstrate that the introduced DNA had been retained in the Rotissue, a Southern blot was performed as previously described on leafDNA from three randomly chosen Ro plants of PH1. As shown in FIG. 4, a1.05 Kb band was observed with all three plants indicating that the HPTcoding sequence was present. No band was observed for DNA from a controlplant.

Controlled pollinations of mature PH1 plants were conducted by standardtechniques with inbred lines A188, B73 and Oh43. Seed was harvested 45days post-pollination and allowed to dry further 1-2 weeks. Seed setvaried from 0 to 40 seeds per ear when PH1 was the female parent andfrom 0 to 32 seeds per ear when PH1 was the male parent.

VII. Analysis of the R1 Progeny

The presence of the hygromycin resistance trait was evaluated by a rootelongation bioassay, an etiolated leaf bioassay, and by Southernblotting. Two ears each from regenerated PH1 and control plants wereselected for analysis. The pollen donor was inbred line A188 for allears.

(A) Root Elongation Bioassay

Seed was sterilized in a 1:1 dilution of commercial bleach in water plusalconox 0.1% for 20 min. in 125 ml Erlenmeyer flasks and rinsed 3 timesin sterile water and imbibed overnight in sterile water containing 50mg/ml captan by shaking at 150 rpm.

After imbibition, the solution was decanted from the flasks and the seedtransferred to flow boxes (Flow Laboratories) containing 3 sheets of H₂O saturated germination paper. A fourth sheet of water saturatedgermination paper was placed on top of the seed. Seed was allowed togerminate 4 d.

After the seed had germinated, approximately 1 cm of the primary roottip was excised from each seedling and plated on MS salts, 20 g/lsucrose, 50 mg/l hygromycin, 0.25% Gelrite, and incubated in the dark at26° C. for 4 d.

Roots were evaluated for the presence or absence of abundant root hairsand root branches. Roots were classified as transgenic (hygromycinresistant) if they had root hairs and root branches, and untransformed(hygromycin sensitive) if they had limited numbers of branches. Theresults are shown in Table 1.

(B) Etiolated Leaf Bioassay

After the root tips were excised as described above, the seedlings ofone PH1 ear and one control ear were transferred to moist vermiculiteand grown in the dark for 5 d. At this point 1 mm sections were cut fromthe tip of the coleoptile, surface sterilized 10 seconds, and plated onMS basal salts, 20 g/l sucrose, 2.5 g/l Gelrite with either 0 (control)or 100 mg/l hygromycin and incubated in the dark at 26° C. for 18 hr.Each plate contained duplicate sections of each shoot. They were thenincubated in a light regimen of 14 hours light 10 hours dark at 26° C.for 48 hr, and rated on a scale of from 0 (all brown) to 6 (all green)for the percent of green color in the leaf tissue. Shoots wereclassified as untransformed (hygromycin sensitive) if they had a ratingof zero and classified as transformed (hygromycin resistant) if they hada rating of 3 or greater. The results are shown in Table 1.

(C) Southern Blots

Seedling form the bioassays were transplanted to soil and are growing tosexual maturity. DNA was isolated from 0.8 g of leaf tissue after about3 weeks and probed with the HPT coding sequence as described previously.Plants with a 1.05 Kb band present in the Southern blot were classifiedas transgenic. As shown in FIG. 5, two out of seven progeny of PH1 plant3 were transgenic as were three out of eight progeny of PH1 plant 10.The blot results correlated precisely with data from the bioassays,confirming that the heterologous DNA was transmitted through onecomplete sexual life cycle. All data are summarized in Table 1.

                                      TABLE 1                                     __________________________________________________________________________    ANALYSIS OF PH1 R1 PLANTS                                                     PH1  ROOT LEAF     CONT.                                                                              ROOT LEAF                                             PLANT                                                                              ASSAY                                                                              ASSAY                                                                              BLOT                                                                              PLANT                                                                              ASSAY                                                                              ASSAY                                                                              BLOT                                        __________________________________________________________________________    3.1  +    ND   +   4.1  -    ND   ND                                          3.2  -    ND   -   4.2  -    ND   ND                                          3.3  -    ND   -   4.3  -    ND   ND                                          3.4  -    ND   -   4.4  -    ND   ND                                          3.5  -    ND   -   4.5  -    ND   ND                                          3.6  +    ND   +   4.6  -    ND   ND                                          3.7  -    ND   -   4.7  -    ND   ND                                                             2.1  -    ND   -                                           10.1 +    +    +   1.1  -    -    -                                           10.2 +    +    +   1.2  -    -    ND                                          10.3 -    -    ND  1.3  -    -    ND                                          10.4 -    -    -   1.4  -    -    ND                                          10.5 -    -    -   1.5  -    -    ND                                          10.6 -    -    -   1.6  -    -    ND                                          10.7 -    -    -   1.7  -    -    ND                                          10.8 ND   +    +   1.8  -    -    ND                                          __________________________________________________________________________     KEY: + = transgenic; - = nontransgenic; ND = not done                    

EXAMPLE II

The procedure of Example I was repeated with minor modifications.

I. Plant Lines and Tissue Cultures

The embryogenic maize callus line, AB12, was used as in Example I. Theline had been initiated about 18 months before the actual bombardmentoccurred.

II. Plasmids

The plasmids pBII221 and pHYGI1 described in Example I were used.

III. DNA Delivery Process

Callus was bombarded exactly as in Example I except that the DNA used inthe tungsten/DNA preparations differed. All of the tubes contained 25 ul50 mg/ml M-10 tungsten in water, 25 ul 2.5M CaCl₂, and 10 ul 100 mMspermidine free base along with a total of 5 ul 1 mg/ml total plasmidcontent. One tube contained only plasmid pBII221; two tubes containedonly plasmid pHYGI1; and one tube contained no plasmid but 5 ul TE-1 (10mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA pH 8.0).

The following bombardments were done:

    ______________________________________                                        2 × pBII221 prep                                                                        For transient expression                                      7 × pHYGI1 prep                                                                         Potential positive treatment                                  3 × TE prep                                                                             Negative control treatment                                    ______________________________________                                    

After all the bombardments were performed, the callus from the pBII221treatments was transferred plate for plate to F medium as five 50 mgpieces. After 2 d the callus was placed into GUS assay buffer as perExample I. Numbers of transiently expressing cells were counted andfound to be 686 and 845 GUS positive cells, suggesting that the particledelivery process had occurred in the other bombarded plates.

IV. Selection of Transformed Callus

After bombardment the callus from the pHYGI1 treatments was placed ontoround 1 selection plates, F medium containing 15 mg/l hygromycin, as ten25 mg pieces per plate (different from Example I). The same was done fortwo of the plates bombarded with the TE preparation (selected controlcallus). One plate of callus bombarded with the TE preparation wasplaced onto F medium with no hygromycin; this callus was maintainedthroughout the ongoing experiment as a source of control tissue and wasreferred to as unselected control callus.

After 13 d the callus on round 1 selection plates was indistinguishablefrom unselected control callus. All of the callus was transferred fromround 1 selection plates to round 2 selection plates containing 60 mg/lhygromycin. An approximate five fold expansion of the numbers of platesoccurred.

The callus on round 2 selection plates had increased substantially inweight after 23 d, but at this time appeared close to dead. All of thecallus was transferred from round 2 selection plates to round 3selection plates containing 60 mg/l hygromycin. This transfer of allmaterial from round 2 to round 3 selection differs from Example I inwhich only viable sectors were transferred and the round 2 platesreserved.

At 58 d post-bombardment three live sectors were observed proliferatingfrom the surrounding dead tissue. All three lines were from pHYGI1treatments and were designated 24C, 56A, and 55A.

After 15 d on maintainance medium, growth of the lines was observed. Theline 24C grew well whereas lines 55A and 56A grew more slowly. All threelines were transferred to F medium containing 60 mg/l hygromycin.Unselected control callus from maintenance was plated to F medium having60 mg/l hygromycin.

After 19 d on 60 mg/l hygromycin the growth of line 24C appeared to beentirely uninhibited, with the control showing approximately 80% of theweight gain of 24C. The line 56A was completely dead, and the line 55Awas very close. The lines 24C and 55A were transferred again to F 60mg/l hygromycin as was the control tissue.

After 23 d on 60 mg/l hygromycin the line 24C again appeared entirelyuninhibited. The line 55A was completely dead, as was the negativecontrol callus on its second exposure to to F 60 mg/l hygromycin.

At 88 d post-bombardment, a sector was observed proliferating among thesurrounding dead tissue on the round 3 selection plates. The callus wasfrom a plate bombarded with pHYGI1 and was designated 13E. The calluswas transferred to F medium and cultured for 19 d. Portions of thecallus were then transferred to (i) F media containing 15 mg/lhygromycin and (ii) F media containing 60 mg/l hygromycin. Controlcallus was plated on F media with 15 mg/l hygromycin. After 14 d ofculture, the callus line 13E appeared uninhibited on both levels ofhygromycin. The control callus appeared to have about 80% of the weightgain of 13E. The callus lines were transferred to fresh media at thesame respective levels of hygromycin.

V. Confirmation of Transformed Callus

A Southern blot was prepared from DNA from the line 24C. As shown inFIG. 6, a band was observed for the line 24C at the expected size of1.05 Kb showing that the line 24C contained the HPT coding sequence. Noband was observed for DNA from control tissue. The name of the callusline 24C was changed to PH2.

VI. Plant Regeneration and Production of Seed

The line 24C along with unselected control callus were placed onto RM5medium to regenerate plants as in Example I. After 16 d the callus wastransferred to R5 medium as in Example I.

EXAMPLE III

The procedure of Example II was repeated exactly except that differentplasmids were used.

The plasmids pBII221 and pHYGI1 described in Example I were used as wellas pMS533 which is a plasmid that contains the insecticidal Bacillusthuringiensis endotoxin (BT) gene fused in frame with the neomycinphosphotransferase (NPTII) gene. 5' of the fusion gene are locatedsegments of DNA from the CaMV 35S and nopaline synthase promoters. 3'from the fusion gene are segments of DNA derived from the tomatoprotease inhibitor I gene and the poly A region of the nopaline synthasegene.

Callus was bombarded exactly as in Example I except that the DNA used inthe tungsten/DNA preparations differed. Two tubes contained plasmidspHYGI1 and pMS533 and one tube contained no plasmid but 5 ul TE-1 (10 mMTris-HCl pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA pH 8.0).

The following bombardments were done:

    ______________________________________                                        9 × pHYGI1/pMS533                                                                        Potential positive treatment                                 2 × TE prep                                                                              Control treatment                                            ______________________________________                                    

After bombardment the callus from the pHYGI1/pMS533 treatments wasplaced onto round 1 selection plates, F medium containing 15 mg/lhygromycin, as ten 25 mg pieces per plate. The same was done for one ofthe plates bombarded with the TE preparation (selected control callus).One plate of callus bombarded with the TE preparation was placed onto Fmedium with no hygromycin; this callus was maintained throughout theongoing experiment as a source of control tissue and was referred to asunselected control callus.

After 12 d the callus on round 1 selection plates appeared to show about90% of the weight gain of the unselected control callus. All of thecallus was transferred from round 1 selection plates to round 2selection plates containing 60 mg/l hygromycin as ten 30 mg pieces perplate.

After 22 d of selection on round 2 selection plates, the callus appearedcompletely uninhibited. All of the callus was transferred from round 2selection plates to round 3 selection plates containing 60 mg/lhygromycin.

At 74 d post-bombardment a single viable sector was observedproliferating from the surrounding necrotic tissue. The callus line wasfrom pHYGI1/pMS533 treated material and was designated 86R. The callusline 86R was transferred to F medium.

After 24 d the callus line 86R had grown substantially. Portions of thecallus were then transferred to (i) F media containing 15 mg/lhygromycin and (ii) F media containing 60 mg/l hygromycin. Controlcallus was plated on F media with 15 mg/l hygromycin.

After 19 d of culture, the callus line 86R appeared to grow rapidly andwas uninhibited on both levels of hygromycin. The control callusappeared to have only about 50% of the weight gain of 86R. The calluslines were transferred to fresh media at the same respective levels ofhygromycin to further test the resistance of the callus line 86R tohygromycin.

Comparative Example A

The basic procedures of Examples I-III have been attempted exceptvarying the selection regime or the form of the callus. These otherattempts, which are detailed in Table 2 below, were not successful.Since they were not repeated several times, it is not known whether theycan be made to work. In all of the procedures, no viable sectors wereobserved. In the Table, "Sieved" indicates that the callus was passedthrough an 860 micron sieve before bombardment; the selective agent washygromycin for each case except when pMXTI1 was the plasmid andmethotrexate the selection agent.

                  TABLE 2                                                         ______________________________________                                        Summary of Comparative Example A                                                                      Round Round Round                                     Recip.          Recov.  1     1     2     Round 2                             Tissue Plasmids Period  Level Period                                                                              Level Period                              ______________________________________                                        Clumps pCHN1-1  13      60    21    60     81                                        pBII221                                                                Clumps pCHN1-1  14      100   22    --    --                                         pBII221                                                                Clumps pHYGI1   8       60    19    30    132                                        pBII221                                                                Clumps pCHN1-1  0       30    22    60    109                                        pBII221                                                                Clumps pMTXI1   8        3    103   --    --                                         pBII221                                                                Sieved pCHN1-1  13      --    --    --    --                                         pBII221                                                                ______________________________________                                    

What is claimed is:
 1. A process for producing a fertile transgenic Zeamays plant comprising the steps of (i) establishing a regenerableembryogenic callus culture from a Zea mays plant to be transformed, (ii)transforming said culture by bombarding it with DNA-coatedmicroprojectiles, (iii) identifying or selecting a transformed cellline, and (iv) regenerating a fertile transgenic Zea mays planttherefrom, wherein said DNA is transmitted through a complete sexualcycle of said transgenic plant to its progeny and imparts herbicide orinsect resistance thereto.
 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the callusculture subjected to bombardment is in clumps of about 30 to 80 mg perclump.
 3. The process of claim 1 wherein said callus is initiated onsolid media.
 4. The process of claim 1 wherein the DNA comprises aselectable marker gene or a reporter gene.
 5. The process of claim 4wherein said selectable marker gene imparts herbicide resistance to saidfertile transgenic Zea mays plant.
 6. A process for producing a fertiletransgenic Zea mays plant comprising the steps of (i) establishing aregenerable embryonic callus culture from a Zea mays plant to betransformed, (ii) transforming said culture by bombarding it withDNA-coated microprojectiles, (iii) identifying or selecting atransformed cell line, and (iv) regenerating a fertile transgenic Zeamays plant therefrom, wherein said DNA is transmitted through a completesexual cycle of said transgenic plant to its progeny, and imparts insectresistance thereto.
 7. The process of claim 6 wherein the callus culturesubjected to bombardment is in clumps of about 30 to 80 mg per clump. 8.The process of claim 7 wherein said callus is initiated on solid media.9. The process of claim 6 wherein the DNA comprises a selectable markergene or a reporter gene.
 10. The process of claim 9 wherein saidselectable marker gene imparts herbicide resistance to said fertiletransgenic Zea mays plant.